My first exposure to the debt capital markets was way back in 1989 when I spent 6 months working for Citicorp in Manhattan, writing up the assignment and assumption agreements in the legal department when loans were sold. I think it took 5 of the 6 months for me to figure out what was going on, and then I got a job in environmental consulting and went back to doing stuff I felt knowledgeable about.
Back in 1989, I had only the vaguest notion that I was a cog in the machine that was originating and selling corporate debt and real estate loans, mostly to smaller banks and savings and loans. It was years later that I remembered the parade of names I had inserted into my document templates as the savings and loan crisis continue to unfold and led to the failure of over 1000 small banks.

Syndicating a loan spreads the risk

So first things first, what is an assignment agreement or an assumption agreement?  It’s the way that a large loan that is originated by one bank gets broken into smaller pieces and sold to other banks.  Assignments pass along the debt to the purchasing bank while the selling bank may retain responsibilities such as serving as agent.  Assumption agreements pass along all aspects of the debt to the purchasing bank, and there is no remaining responsibility for the seller.
Another option is for a group of banks to get together and originate the loan as a club, in which case all their names are included in the origination credit documents and there is no assignment or assumption agreement.
In all of these cases, there will be one or more agent banks, one administrative agent bank, and participating banks, all holding a piece of the total loan. The whole process is called syndicating a loan, and the virtual place where this happens is the debt capital markets.
Why do banks syndicate loans?  Banks that originate loans may choose to sell all or pieces of the loan in order to reduce their overall exposure to a particular borrower or industry or region.  Banks that buy the loans have an easy way to extend credit on a project with attractive interest rates without the cost and time it takes to originate the loan themselves. Agent banks receive extra fees for serving as the agent bank, coordinating all the banks and overseeing the performance of the loan.
Due Diligence and Syndicated Loans
Let’s talk about agent banks first. When a bank serves as the administrative agent during a loan origination, their appraisal, engineering, and environmental department will coordinate all the third party due diligence. When I know that a loan will be syndicated, I check to see if there are other banks involved in the underwriting, and as much as possible I try to coordinate our scope of work so that we are meeting all policies and procedures for the banks that are helping to originate the loan. Each bank must independently review and approve the proposed loan, so we sometimes talk with the environmental or engineering staff at the other banks to make sure that we’ve identified all the risks and put in place mitigants or post-closing requirements and corresponding loan agreement language to manage environmental conditions, capital improvements, natural hazards, or construction risks.
Once the loan has closed, when a bank is selling all or a portion of their position, the bank who makes this purchase is committing to a secondary participation. Since all the due diligence was completed and all the risk decisions were made at the time of origination, there is no room to make changes and the bank is making a yes or no decision based on the information that’s available.
What happens when a syndicated loan fails?
Even before a loan defaults, each of the participating banks are monitoring the loan and communicating about any concerns over the borrower’s repayment of the loan. If something bad happens and borrower defaults, then the administrative agent bank is responsible for communicating with the borrower, gathering information as needed, and coordinating with all the participating banks to get the loan back on track or to work out a bankruptcy or liquidation or other problem.
As the manager of my bank’s environmental and engineering risk team, I am involved with both the originating of loans and also the workout and eventual resolution of defaulted loans. It is a great learning opportunity to have a full understanding of the different ways that banks respond to defaults. There are a number of ways to recover the loan amount, but we are most involved when the bank has decided to take the assets that make up the loan collateral.  When we order environmental and engineering studies from our consultants, the scope of that work is dependent on whether the loan is being originated, whether we are studying one particular aspect of a non-performing loan, or whether we are considering  enforcing on the collateral, whether it’s a piece of real estate, a construction project, or a company.
Sometimes a bank ends up owning the asset and holding it for a while before it can be sold to recover some of the loan amount. That’s a good topic for a future post!

My social feeds this week are full of commentary about what it’s like to live through a year of pandemic and leadership lessons from our experiences. Quite frankly, it’s rare that we as a society learn leadership lessons after a disaster. After participating in disaster response and management for decades, I’ve come to the conclusion that these experiences shape us as individuals, but rarely have a collective impact to avoid the next disaster.  This week I’m thinking of a different traumatic event that occurred 10 years ago in Japan on March 11th, the triple disaster of a 9.1 magnitude earthquake, a devastating tsunami, and a nuclear meltdown. My three children and I lived in Tokyo during that time, and we’ve been talking about what has stayed in our memories after 10 years. So instead of trying to glean lessons from trauma, I’m going to share a few memories.

From a family perspective, here are some of our strongest memories:

• Being on a business trip in Beijing when the earthquake happened, and my kids staying by themselves that first night before I could return home the next evening. I really understand why we rush into a disaster area in order to reunite with family.
• My kids tell me they didn’t realize that I had been in contact with our building manager, their schools, and their backup adult resources to ensure they would be safe at home that night. They felt very alone! One of their school friends lived in our building, and his parents sent him over to our apartment to check in. They remember that he brought them a jar of fancy olive oil because even during a crisis, it’s important to have good manners in Japan.
• My son had forgotten to lock our apartment door that morning when he went to school, and the earthquake shook the door open and our frightened dog, Liberty, went out looking for safety. Thank goodness our building manager found her and brought her back! Like all of us, she was extra sensitive to the smallest shake after that, but she also made it easier for us to talk about our own fears.
• The agonizing, seemingly endless bus ride home from school on grid-locked local roads after the trains and highways were shut down for safety. My daughter was a bus monitor, and she and the other monitors comforted and distracted the younger kids, found places to stop and use the bathroom, and pooled money from the students to buy snacks. It took more than 6 hours, but every child was eventually delivered home.
• Walking home from the bus stop, my kids were amazed at huge numbers of people out on the street at 10 p.m. We seek out human connection during a tragedy.
• School being cancelled and all their international friends being evacuated from Japan, my kids were stuck at home and bored while I was doing crisis management work. Then I had to go work at our backup site in Osaka and my kids were packed off to Hilo to stay with my brother, where they were bored and stuck at his house all the time. That was their first experience with remote school for a month. It did not go well.
• About an hour after the Government of Japan notified the public that drinking water supplies had been contaminated with radiation, there was not a single bottle of water for sale in Tokyo. I spent quite a bit of time after that securing bottled water for employee families with children or pregnant mothers.

Here are a few vivid memories of my work as a crisis manager for GE Japan:

• Since I was on a business trip to China on March 11, 2011, I was sitting in an enormous factory in Beijing at a sales event with lights and cameras and entertainment, looking at my blackberry at a constant stream of terrible news. I struggled to process what was happening in Japan while all around me the marvels of Chinese engineering and construction were celebrated. In a weird turn of events, a large hose truck from that very factory was sent to Fukushima weeks later to help cool the melting nuclear reactors.
• Finding out about several employees who had been at work that day but had lost their entire families in the tsunami. Over the coming weeks and months, it was devastating to learn about the nearly 20,000 people who lost their lives as a result of the triple disaster, 2,529 of whom have never been found.
• Our management in the U.S. demanding twice daily updates, but only during their business hours so we had to prepare for briefings at 7 a.m. and 10 p.m. each day.
• Writing a shelter-in-place plan for our employees in the event that there was an explosion at the nuclear plant, realizing that it was impossible to evacuate the City of Tokyo. A week later, the plan I wrote was emailed to me by a colleague, who (not realizing it was my work) suggested it might be helpful.
• Getting insider briefings from a GE engineer who had helped design and build the Fukushima plant and happened to be in Japan when the triple disaster occurred.
• My U.S. management being shocked and surprised that we had neither iodine nor radiation monitors available to us in Japan. One American executive assumed that each of us employees would have a personal radiation monitoring device. I wonder where she thought we were going to find them?
• Constantly checking the government earthquake monitoring website to see if the latest aftershock required action to check on our operations around Japan. Even in the middle of the night. Over and over and over again the aftershocks came and went over the entire year after the earthquake. It reset our nervous systems.
• Feeling completely abandoned at first when it came to figuring out what it meant that radioactive iodine and cesium were everywhere, in the air at first, then in the rain and in the rivers and in the drinking water, then over the passing months in the vegetables and tea plants and sewage sludge and building air filters and the scrap metal….it just went on and on. No one really understood what it meant for the health and safety of our families and employees. Japan’s government was completely unforthcoming, so I was scouring every available source and guidance document to get some idea of how best to guide our employees and our management. I sent an email to our U.S. environmental executives begging for help and expertise to navigate the science, and eventually I linked up with one of our healthcare radiation experts who was such a godsend and generously helped us for months with understanding and communicating about radiation risks.

I had a chance to work on some reviews this past week for both ground leases and sale-leasebacks, so I thought it would be fun to talk about how these affect the way that environmental due diligence is performed and decisions are made about environmental risks.

Before I get into ground leases and sale-leasebacks, let’s make sure everyone is clear about the definition of the collateral that is securing a loan or lease or other credit being extended.  In addition to real property - land and buildings - the collateral can include a ground lease, equipment, and the value of contracts.  (By the way, when you hear the term “boot collateral,” that usually refers to real estate or other property that is included in the loan but does not contribute value to the security package.)

Ground Lease

A ground lease means that the ownership of the underlying land is different from the buildings or factory placed on the land. Most ground leases have very long terms such as 50 or 99 years. In the U.S., at the end of the lease term the improvements on the land typically revert back to the lessor. However, in some countries such as Japan the lease term tends to be a little shorter and all improvements must be removed at the end of the lease term.

Whenever possible, I try to review the ground lease before I do any due diligence on a loan with this feature. That way, I can review any disclosures made by the ground lessor, any indemnities being made or required, and any terms and conditions required at the end of lease term or in the event of transfer. Our legal team ensures that the terms of the lease agreement are acceptable to the bank in the event that there’s a default on the loan and the bank considers taking title to the asset.

Understanding the ground lease can help determine the scope of the environmental assessment, for example:

• The land owner may recognize that hazardous substances are present at the property.  The due diligence would then focus on ensuring that any hazardous substances are monitored or managed within a regulatory program and in compliance with law, with no health risks to the property occupants. The obligations of the landlord and ground lessee need to be clearly described in the ground lease, and the ground lease should also include an indemnity from the landlord to the ground lessee.
• If our customer will be using hazardous substances that are also present as contaminants in the subsurface, we’ll require a deep dive into the operations and compliance of the borrower’s operations to assess whether there’s a risk that the borrower could become a contributor to existing contamination. Frequently, the land lessee is required to indemnify the ground lessor for any contamination that may occur during the lease term. I am always looking for a bright line between current operations and former activity at the site so that there is no confusion over who is responsible for any pollution that occurs.

Sale-Leaseback

A sale-leaseback transaction involves a simultaneous sale of the property with a lease of the property back to the seller. The property could be real estate, but it could also be equipment or other assets with sufficient value to serve as security, everything from airplanes to forklifts to conveyer belts.  I’ve even worked on transactions involving the sale-leaseback of every piece of equipment in a factory. Why would a company want to enter into a sale-leaseback type of financing, given the complexities and tax issues involved?

1. A sale-leaseback can free up equity tied up in real estate to be used for working capital, without the disruption of moving your business. This is especially attractive for companies that bought real estate at a low price in a market that has since gone up.
2. Sometimes a company’s real estate has been used intensively for industrial purposes and is not attractive to a financier, so a company may instead substitute equipment for the property being sold and leased back, which the bank may find is easier to repossess and sell in the event that the customer defaults on the lease or goes out of business.
3. In some industries, such as silicon wafer fabrication, the equipment used to manufacture the high tech product may be both expensive and also quickly become obsolete. A sale-leaseback transaction allows the manufacturer to reduce its overall costs, while the financier takes the risk of having to remarket the equipment once it’s no longer needed. This kind of situation requires a great deal of knowledge and sophistication about the technology and industry involved.

From an environmental standpoint, there is one key consideration for sale-leaseback transactions.  Rather than being a lender, the bank becomes the owner of the property or equipment, so any due diligence needs to be scoped to identify risks that would affect a property owner.

In the United States, the bank no longer benefits from the secured creditor provisions in the federal Superfund law or state cleanup laws. In addition, the bank could become jointly liable for environmental compliance under the federal hazardous waste law, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and state counterparts.

• For example, if a business generates hazardous waste and stores it in an accumulation storage area prior to being shipped to a disposal facility, both the owner and operator of the site are liable if there’s a spill from that storage area or if the waste is being stored improperly.  The penalties can be significant - up to $25,000 per day per violation, and criminal penalties could apply.
• Another example involves asbestos-containing building materials. In California, the asbestos regulations include several provisions that apply directly to building owners and operators, including labeling, marking, notifying tenants, keeping records of areas where friable asbestos is present or has been abated, and transferring those records to new owners.

​Any due diligence for a sale-leaseback needs to consider not just contamination at the property, but also other conditions or operations at the property that could result in an owner obligation or liability.  Once the due diligence gets reviewed by the technical experts, a consultation may be needed with legal counsel to ensure that both the purchase agreement and the lease agreement reflect the true conditions at the property and include provisions that protect the bank from environmental liability. There are some kinds of businesses that are simply not good candidates for this kind of transaction, including those with intensive chemical use like plating shops and hazardous waste management companies.

Photo credit: Science in HD on Unsplash

Views and opinions expressed on my blog are mine alone and have not been reviewed or approved by my employer. Any errors in my blog posts are entirely my own.

I got an early education about how different legal systems can shape decision making and problem solving. I grew up in Hawai’i during a time when there was a growing awareness of Hawaiian arts, language, culture, and science. And along with that came an examination of the legal systems put in place during the monarchy that grew from the concept of shared responsibility for land resources. Because the monarchy was illegally overthrown by Americans, its laws and land system have never fully disappeared from the legal landscape, and some of those concepts still exist today.

The story of Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg’s efforts to create a remote and exclusive estate on Kauai ran afoul of legal and constitutional rights of native Hawaiians, his involvement being only a part of a really interesting saga Trisha Kehaulani Watson wrote for Honolulu Civil Beat in 2019.

Whether you are financing the development of an estate in Hawai’i, signing an equipment lease in South Korea, or foreclosing on contaminated land in New South Wales, Australia, it’s critical to understand how the laws in your jurisdiction affects your environmental risks. Not only do you need to understand the environmental laws of the place where you are doing business, but you need to then match your understanding of environmental risks to the options available to financiers to collect a loan balance, enforce on property, or exit a contract.

The way that different jurisdictions regulate environmental impacts can have a big impact on whether a condition triggers action to address a health or safety condition under a particular law or regulation. California’s very specific and detailed requirements for soil vapor intrusion means that many more properties in California are being cleaned up for chlorinated solvents in soil gas compared to Texas, where there are no specific requirements.

The differences between different states can extend to lender protections. For example, in California, lenders have broad rights to investigate and even clean up properties without taking on legal liabilities under state cleanup laws, even where the lender takes title to the property for the purpose of recovering loan exposures, as long as the property is then disposed of promptly, usually within a year. But in some states these protections may not extend to affiliated legal entities that are formed to hold the asset.

Lender protections that are written into the U.S. Superfund law and many U.S. state cleanup laws will not apply to other kinds of environmental requirements, for example underground storage tanks or asbestos in building materials. Once again, it’s critical to understand the jurisdiction you’re working in and to get the right kind of legal support to sort out how jurisdictional requirements match to the environmental risks identified for a particular financial transaction.

And then there’s the difference between civil law and common law countries and how that relates to tort liabilities….ah, but that’s a topic for another day.

I spent part of the weekend catching up on a backlog of reading, including this document from the Governor's Wildfire Commission.

My stepdad's home insurance was canceled shortly after the Camp Fire, and his insurer also canceled policies of other people in our town. That started a conversation among my friends and family about how we cope with insurance, since our entire county is essentially a high risk wildfire zone. Some folks have just reduced their coverage level in order to make insurance affordable. Others are digging deeper to pay higher premiums. And of course getting cancelled is a big hassle while you are lining up a new insurance plan. My insurance company has signed me up for a risk mitigation plan, which I am guessing is a prelude to setting standards that I'll have to meet or else get cancelled. And almost everyone I know lives in an older home that doesn't meet the Chapter 7A requirements for building exterior wildfire exposure.

So what to do the experts say?

Generally the approach is that we have deal with the underlying risk, that it's not healthy to subsidize insurance to mask that risk. So there are not going to be any easy answers for me and my family and neighbors as we try to balance our finances and our safety.

Yet the number of people who live in the wildland urban interface (WUI) is very large and growing. According to the Hoover Institution, "In 2010, California had more people and homes located in the WUI than any other state in the continental United States—close to 4.5 million homes and 11 million people. The “fastest-growing land use type” in the continental United States, the WUI swelled by almost a thousand square miles in California alone between 1990 and 2000. Nationwide, sixty percent of all new home construction between 1990 and 2016 took place in the WUI. Across the country, the federal government owns or leases over 6,200 buildings located in the WUI, which President Obama sought to protect in 2016 by issuing a WUI building standard for federal facilities."

Geek Alert: Transparent Wood!

Check out this article about some of the new wood science being done by engineers and scientists out there like Céline Montanari at the KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm.  The idea of using the plant cells in wood and then filling them with a fluid that helps with temperature control? Will we be using transparent wood to provide light and improve passive solar properties of our houses in mountain climates? I can imagine now how much that would be appreciate during the short dark days of winter.

Sometimes people tell me I'm just too optimistic, with my head in the clouds over all these innovations. But as with all progress, we have to dream big and try lots of different ideas, knowing that not all will become big commercial successes. I love to celebrate the people who are dreaming about how to use wood products in new ways that will be reflect a new, low-carbon world.

Right now the State of California is developing a new wood products academic center of excellence, and I'll write about that when I learn more details about where it will be based and who will be directing this exciting new program.

and flood protection and healthy waterways for California's communities, economy and environment.  That's the goal and the promise of our newest state initiative.

This week Governor Gavin Newsom directed California's water agencies to prepare a resilient water portfolio that will meet California's needs for the 21st century.  You can read the order by clicking here.  One thing I really appreciate about this new order is that Newsom acknowledges that water infrastructure can and should include natural elements of our landscape, including forests and floodplains. He also calls for some effective strategies in developing our water portfolio of the future, including working regionally at the watershed level and incorporating successful strategies from different parts of the world.

Looking back at the history of western civilization in California, it's easy to see that we have done none of those things in the past 150 years.  Our water strategy is directly descended from the Gold Rush mining practices that started with gold panning, progressed to sluicing and then quickly leveraged new technologies to develop hydraulic mining.  That particular technological innovation ended up devastating river after river by dumping epic amounts of sediment and gravel that forever changed the way that water flows down from the mountains in the east, through the Central Valley and out through the San Francisco Bay. Hydraulic mining poisoned our fisheries with mercury and arsenic and forever stopped the riverboats from being able to navigate the Sacramento River to Marysville.

The Gold Rush is also responsible for our love of hydropower and dams, as our very first electrical grid in California came from hydroelectric plants and dams on the Yuba River. The Stairway of Power on the North Fork of the Feather River created a series of dams that eventually culminated in the Oroville Dam and Hyatt Power Plant. All that low-carbon and climate-friendly energy has powered homes and industries for many years, but it's also raised very serious questions about how we'll be managing these dams and reservoirs into the next century as they continue to fill with sediment and age well past their design lifetimes.

Flood control from dams and levees have carved out great sections of land in the Central Valley that have become productive farmland and made our farming families wealthy, and water is moved great distances to the enormous cities of Southern California. But we should always ask ourselves who is benefitting from this enormous water infrastructure and who is paying the cost?  When the dam spillway fails, it's the rural residents living downstream who are at risk.

So when Newsom directs our state agencies to embrace new technologies and innovation, I add that we need to be very cautious in evaluating these new options.  All too often, we fall in love with technology and forget about how we're paying for it, whether it's our fisheries, our navigable rivers, or our clean, drinkable water. My first recommendation is to analyze what elements of a new technology are being externalized - who or what will have to live with the byproducts or labor or degraded environment?

I've been falling in love with simpler technologies that are associated with smaller infrastructure projects distributed more widely across the land, so that when a failure occurs it is not catastrophic. I'm falling in love with projects that incorporate ecological systems from the very beginning of the design process. I'm already committed to doing more than plan and build water infrastructure but commit to generations of monitoring and assessment of projects so that we can learn from them, study projects in a changing climate, and make adjustments and improvements as we go along.  Ask anyone who lives in Oroville: a dam is not a static, motionless monument but is a dynamic system in motion that requires huge commitments of time and money to maintaining and monitoring.

I often speak at public meetings about the state of affordable housing in our region. In both our rural and larger towns, we’re seeing many of the same challenges as large urban areas:

1. The cost of housing requires a large percentage of many people’s household incomes. Many people in our region can only get part-time, low paid, and/or seasonal work that leaves very little room for living expenses after housing costs.
2. There is not enough low cost housing units in our region, so even when we have public agencies helping people with housing, they often cannot find affordable apartments or houses in any nearby community.
3. Transportation is a huge challenge for rural areas and prevents people from being able live too far from work if they do not have their own car.

What is the federal role in affordable housing, and how can we make improvements?
​
The federal government has a housing subsidy program, called Section 8, that provides housing vouchers that can be associated with a renter or with a particular housing unit. In our region of California, like many other places, the program is not working very well.  There are also federal financial incentive programs to encourage development of affordable housing, but in many rural areas, we are not seeing any new housing development, much less affordable housing development, so these programs do not have much impact on our communities. In the end, much of our less-expensive housing units are old, dilapidated, and may contain hazardous building materials or mold that is not healthy for tenants.

I think we can develop innovative programs that can help coordinate federal, state, and local programs and laws to improve affordable housing.

1. Support existing incentives and develop more financial incentives like tax credits and deductions for property management and rehabilitation of older affordable housing, including removing hazardous building materials. In the process, we also need to support and encourage more people to become responsible landlords.
2. Support, defend, and improve the Community Reinvestment Act that applies to banks and ensures financing for low income housing.
3. Provide communities, through social service and community development agencies, with technology tools to support a wide range of tenants and landlords in transparency, accountability, and problem-solving so that we have a better path from homelessness into temporary housing and long-term housing while helping both tenants and landlords comply with legal requirements and financial responsibility.
4. Focus on increasing the voucher values for Section 8 housing to expand the universe of housing units that can participate in the program and work much more proactively to increase the number of dedicated Section 8 units in every community across our region.
5. Expand our rural transportation capacity by coordinating county senior transportation and regional bus/van networks so that they can run more often and connect up to each other to more effectively support people going to work or appointments throughout the day.

This week I spent several days with representatives from the Maidu community, government agencies, non-profits, and academia in Genesee Valley, Plumas County. We camped in a beautiful stand of trees during the hottest day of the year and got drenched in a thunderstorm and talked and laughed and learned together.  It was an honor to be invited to participate in this gathering.

I learned so much that it’s hard to capture in a short article.

• Defining healthy forests can be thought of as starting with wildlife refugia - where intact old areas of growth still exist, and then expanding outwards to encourage recovery of forest ecosystems by managing succession of different tree species.  But the small plants are also so important! I learned about huckleberries and other edible plants that used to be abundant in this area of the Northern Sierra and consumed by the Maidu.
• The divisions and connections between urban and rural are not so simple, and we need to move beyond this kind of dividing line to focus on the role of the mountain watersheds in California’s future and success, regardless of where the water from our region eventually goes.
• Managing a forested landscape can combine multiple objectives, like fire resilience, wildlife support, lumber production, or restoration to a different mix of tree species.  Bob Beckwith is gradually returning his property in Genesee to an oak-silver pine woodland using a lot of labor to thin out the fast growing pines, carefully choosing weather conditions for prescribed burns, and providing refugia for wildlife by leaving dead standing oak trees in place.  He’d like to see the Forest Service use more prescribed burns on the ridge above his property to remove excess biomass.
• Communication is enormously important in both planning and monitoring the effects of projects that treat forest areas to make them more fire resilient.  Forest collaboration groups do the very hard work of figuring out what works at the ground level, from project to project, with the hope that we can identify broad sources of funding to expand these smaller projects across all of California’s upper watersheds.  Furthermore, the language we use to describe ecosystems and watersheds can shape our thinking about these places.
• I also got a chance to hear lots of details about the Sierra Institute’s work on developing a pilot scale project using biomass to generate electricity and heat.  I have a lot of thoughts about that to share in a future article.

We talked and talked and talked about future projects that balance fire resistance with timber production and ecosystem restoration. These kinds of meetings are critical to California’s future, and we need to talk a lot more about how to best model the way and scale up projects to cover our entire forest landscape. ​

For more information about Genesee Valley and forest planning, visit these websites:

http://www.geneseefireplan.org/news.html

http://www.plumasaudubon.org/genesee-valley.html

http://www.frlt.org/conserve-land/success-stories/heart-k-ranch